Jane Austen has written her stories in a traditional way due to be read by many readers. However,
that makes her to write in a defined way and particular topics as marriage and being a woman in
that society in England. Jane Austen tries to give the truths of the socity for the readers of her
novels. In 19th century, the novel readers are mostly women and they prefer to read the stories
that is from their lives. Thus, Pride and Prejudice is very important novel for looking the position of
women in the society.
The thema of the Pride and Prejudice women, their love relations, their marriages, their social
status in the society, their thoughts about marriage and their drahomas and family status. In the
novel, the female characters are Elizabeth, her sisters, her best friend who is called Charlotte, her
mother and her aunt. The female characters can be analyzed by looking at their status and
thoughts about marriage.
Firstly, I will mention about their thoughts about marriage. The family of Benet is landed gentry
and they do not have any son. Thus, their daughters do not own any property. For these girls, the
best way to own a house to get marry with a rich man. Their mother always tries to find a good
husband for her daughters. By looking these parts of the novel, it can be said that women must get
marry if they do not have any male relative to live with. For indicating the importance of that
keynote, the dialoge between Charlotte and Elizabeth can be given as an example. Charlotte says
to her friend that she will mary with Mr. Collins. Elizabeth gets shocked and she did not like that
idea. Charlotte said to Elizabeth that she does not want a romantic love relationship, she just want
to have a secure house with a husband. Her father has an appellation as “Sir” however he does not
have marriage portion for her daughter. These situation of them make the marrige as a salvation.
The other example can be the mother of the girls about the marriage. She always says to her
daughters to marry with a rich man who can support them. When Mr. Bingly moves there, she
wanted to be visit him at the first day with an aim of to show him her daughters. She always
mention about marriage and findind a husband to her daughters. Thus, the girls are grown up the
idea of marriage.
Elizabeth is the more rational character in the novel however, she have the same idea as her
mother. Firstly, she liked Mr. Wickham. She heard about him and also she knows that he is not so
rich. In my opinion, Mr. Wickham was the first love of her however it is not said exactly in the
novel. In addition to that, when she goes to Mr. Darcy's house, she thinks that to be a lady of that
house would be great. By looking at these events and situations, it can be said that Elizabeth is not
totally different than her sisters about marriage thoughts. However, it is clear that she thinks more
rational than her sisters about marriage.
In addition to that, marriage of women should be in appropriate ways as it is accepted in the
society. When Lydia escapes from home, Mr. Collins write a letter to Mr. Bennet. In that letter, it is
written that the situation of Lydia is worse than death of her. That expression is so rude that shows
to the reader about the thoughts of men for the women who escaped from home and marry
without permission of her family. That is not acceptable even in modern world however saying that
it is worse than her death vs not acceptable.
I will mention about the status of woman in the novel. Lydia escapes from home. After that, she
returns back to home as a marrried woman. She sits on the table in an arranged way as she sits
previous chair than her elder sisters because she is a married woman. However, she escapes from
home and married in an unappropriate way. It can be said that in 19th century marriage gives some
priorities to women in the society. In addition to that, when she enters in a community, she
introduce her as a wife of Mr. Wickham. That means, marriage gives to female social identity.
In Pride and Prejudice, the main aims of the girls is having a good marriage. However, in the first
sentence of the novel Jane Austen write a ironic sentence that give the message that is a man who
wants to have a good fortune, wants to have a wife. With that sentence, Jane Austen gives the idea
of the women at 19th century. To understand the society, that novel can show the reader many
aspects.
In addition to that, Pride and Prejudice indicates that drahoma of the woman is so important for
marriage. Mrs. Bennet had a good amount of drahoma. Due to that Mr. Bennet married with her,
probably. In some part of the novels, he realizes that however he does not accept that idea so he
thinks that when they get married she was beautiful. He is not rich so his daughters do not have
drahomas. Thus, he does not interfere his wife in her attitudes. She says that, my daughters should
find a rich husband to survive because of not having good drahomas.
To sum up, it can be said that Pride and Prejudice represents the women of 19th century and their
status in the society as a married woman. Pride and Prejudice can be accepted as a good novel for
understanding the lives of women due to written by a woman writer. There is a question in my
mind and that is if the writer was a man, could the novel change. My answer is yes because seeing
a clear portrait of female characters in that novel and male characters are not seem to me exactly
from real life especially Mr. Collins who seems more likely as a cartoon character. In addition to
that, the proposal of Mr. Darcy is also shows that the writer of the novel is a woman.
23 Nisan 2012 Pazartesi
the role of women in Great Expectations and Crime and Punishment
In the classical novels, women, their representations and their roles reflect the real life at 19th
century. There are so many female characters in Great Expectations and Crime and Punishment
and in both novels there are various types of female characters.
In Great Expectations, the female characters are Mrs. Gragery, Miss Havisham, Estella and Biddy.
These female characters have different roles in that novel, however they have some similarities
also. Mrs. Gragery is a mother-like character. She always takes care for her husband and her
brother. She does the house works as cooking, washing and so on. She is proud of her selfsacrifice.
When someone says that she looks after her orphan brother which is a very difficult and
good behaviour, she perks from it. However, she sometimes behave in a bad attitude to her
brother and also her husband. When we observe Mrs. Gragery, we can say that she is the ideal
woman. Furthermore, we can say that she is not good at looking after a children in a good way. In
my opinion, she sometimes thinks that her brother and her husband ruins her life. Thus, she
behaves like that. In addition to that, she has not got her own children. It can be the possible
reason for her attitude to her brother.
The other female character is Biddy. She has some similarities with Mrs. Gragery however she
bahaves to people better that Mrs. Gragery. Thus, it can be said that she is the most perfect female
character in that novel. She shows to the reader the stereotyped woman in the society who is selfsacrifice,
apt, intelligent, gentle and amenable. At the end of the novel, we see the perfect
marriage of Biddy and Joe. They have that perfect marriage because of her characteristic features.
Miss. Havisham is the most problematic female character in that novel. She was left by her fiance
before her marriage. Thus, she begins to live as a living dead. She is a rich woman and her fiance
wanted to marry with her probably because of her money. By that event, novel gives a general
survey to the arranged marriages because of money. She hates men, so she tries to grow Estella as
a robot to break the heart of men who loves her. With Miss. Havisham, the novel gives the idea
that girls can be affected by their mothers. To explain it briefly, it can be said that Estella can be
affected from Miss. Havisham because she is the only woman that she can take as a role-model.
Estella does everything that Miss. Havisham teaches and says to her. Lastly, it can said that she
cannot be a character that is taken from real life because of her attitudes and her life is told
overblown in the novel.
Estella is the girl that is raised by a strange female. Thus, she is also strange. However, she is the
perfect representation of a daughter who takes her mother as a role-model. She always does
whatever Miss. Havisham says to her. She accepts everything that she teaches her. She is a created
character in that novel. However, at the end of the novel she realizes that Miss. Havisham shaped
her in a wrong way and she begins to taker her decisions with her mind and her own emotions.
When we read the novel, we observe all female characters from outside. There is not any emotions
of them and their inner lives. In some parts, these woman characters speak and say something
about their emotions however it is not as deep as the male characters as Pip and Joe. To sum up, it
can be said that, the representation of female characters is not so deep. The role of the female
characters in the novel is identical to the real life. The novel and their lives represent the realities
of that times.
In Crime and Punishment there are also so many female characters. They are Alyona, Lizaveta,
Dunya, Sonya and Pulheriya. These characters are different than the female charachters from
Great Expectations. They are more real and they are represented deeper. In some parts, we can
feel their emotions. However, it cannot be said that, we can see their inner world and emotions so
clear.
Alyona is the woman that Raskolnikov murdered. We do not know much about her but we are sure
about she behaves her sister in a bad attitude. We read that she sometimes beat her as Mrs.
Gragery in Great Expectations. Thus, it can be said that she is not a good character. She is a victim
of a crime, so the reader can forget her bad attitudes. Her death makes Raskolnikov a worse man
even he helps many people as looking after a old man, rescuing some children from fire and so on.
In the novel, Alyona represents the old, rich and bad attituded woman. However, the novel does
not gives many information about her and just focuses on death of her and the murderer of her.
Lizaveta is a kind of victim in that novel. Firstly, she is the victim of her sister and after that she is
the victim of murderer. In some parts, some people says good things about her, especially Sonya.
She is a friend of Sonya and she gives Gospel and the cross to her. She also fixes a dress for Sonya
and her sisters that shows she is a nice woman.
Dunya is the sister of Raskolnikov. She is the most ideal woman in that novel. She accepts to marry
with a man to have money for her mother and her brother even she does not love him. She is well
educated, intelligent and noble. Thus, some men want to marry with her. With that, the novel
shows to the reader that the ideal woman for marriage at that times. We see that she had some
bad manners from Svidrigaylov however she clears her name and she straightens up to gossip
about her morality. She resembles Biddy in some ways as being self-sacrifice. However, she does
more than Biddy to sacrifice herself for her brother and mother. At the end of the novel, she makes
up stories and hides the truth from her mother and sustain to her brother. By looking these
attitudes, it can be said that she lives for her mother and brother not for herself. She dedicated
herself to them. She is the most perfect and stereotyped female character in the novel.
Sonya dedicates herself to her family. She earns money for them from prostitution. She is not
accepted from society because of her job. Except her job and being not accepted, she resembles
Dunya. She also sacrifice herself to her family and for Raskolnikov. In some ways she resembles
Biddy because she tries to understand Raskolnikov as Biddy tries to understand Pip. These two
woman gives rational reasons to behaviour of these men. When Raskolnikov says about the
murder she says “What did you do to yourself?”. That means, she does not accuse him for the
crime. In Great Expectations, Biddy does not accuse Pip because of his shame of his family and life.
However, she says to Pip that is not good. In Crime and Punishment, Sonya says Raskolnikov that to
go and confess your crime afterwards you will be forgiven. In addition to that she leads her to be
religious. She always tries to make him believe in God and pray. In Great Expectations, Biddy
teaches Pip how to read some religious passages. Both women in these novels have a role as a
mother who shows a way to her children.
Pulheriya is the mother of Raskolnikov. She has a role as a good mother to her children. She always
thinks her children. She wants Raskolnikov to have a good education so she tries to send him
money by borrowing money from usurer that shows her sacrifice. She is always proud of her
children and she has great expectations from her son as being a very educated and intelligent man
after she reads his article on journal even she does not understand well. As a mother, she is well
enough. However, she cannot accept that her son can commit a crime. She always thinks that her
son is perfect as many mothers in the world as usual.
To sum up, both novels have female characters who reflects the structure of the society at 19th
century. In many classical novels, reader cannot go into the female characters inner world. Thus,
these two novels are well enough to understand the women in the society due to hear their voices
in some parts as being a part of some events. However, readers cannot hears their feelings directly
from their mouth. In 19th century, the role of woman can be explained very clearly in these novels.
century. There are so many female characters in Great Expectations and Crime and Punishment
and in both novels there are various types of female characters.
In Great Expectations, the female characters are Mrs. Gragery, Miss Havisham, Estella and Biddy.
These female characters have different roles in that novel, however they have some similarities
also. Mrs. Gragery is a mother-like character. She always takes care for her husband and her
brother. She does the house works as cooking, washing and so on. She is proud of her selfsacrifice.
When someone says that she looks after her orphan brother which is a very difficult and
good behaviour, she perks from it. However, she sometimes behave in a bad attitude to her
brother and also her husband. When we observe Mrs. Gragery, we can say that she is the ideal
woman. Furthermore, we can say that she is not good at looking after a children in a good way. In
my opinion, she sometimes thinks that her brother and her husband ruins her life. Thus, she
behaves like that. In addition to that, she has not got her own children. It can be the possible
reason for her attitude to her brother.
The other female character is Biddy. She has some similarities with Mrs. Gragery however she
bahaves to people better that Mrs. Gragery. Thus, it can be said that she is the most perfect female
character in that novel. She shows to the reader the stereotyped woman in the society who is selfsacrifice,
apt, intelligent, gentle and amenable. At the end of the novel, we see the perfect
marriage of Biddy and Joe. They have that perfect marriage because of her characteristic features.
Miss. Havisham is the most problematic female character in that novel. She was left by her fiance
before her marriage. Thus, she begins to live as a living dead. She is a rich woman and her fiance
wanted to marry with her probably because of her money. By that event, novel gives a general
survey to the arranged marriages because of money. She hates men, so she tries to grow Estella as
a robot to break the heart of men who loves her. With Miss. Havisham, the novel gives the idea
that girls can be affected by their mothers. To explain it briefly, it can be said that Estella can be
affected from Miss. Havisham because she is the only woman that she can take as a role-model.
Estella does everything that Miss. Havisham teaches and says to her. Lastly, it can said that she
cannot be a character that is taken from real life because of her attitudes and her life is told
overblown in the novel.
Estella is the girl that is raised by a strange female. Thus, she is also strange. However, she is the
perfect representation of a daughter who takes her mother as a role-model. She always does
whatever Miss. Havisham says to her. She accepts everything that she teaches her. She is a created
character in that novel. However, at the end of the novel she realizes that Miss. Havisham shaped
her in a wrong way and she begins to taker her decisions with her mind and her own emotions.
When we read the novel, we observe all female characters from outside. There is not any emotions
of them and their inner lives. In some parts, these woman characters speak and say something
about their emotions however it is not as deep as the male characters as Pip and Joe. To sum up, it
can be said that, the representation of female characters is not so deep. The role of the female
characters in the novel is identical to the real life. The novel and their lives represent the realities
of that times.
In Crime and Punishment there are also so many female characters. They are Alyona, Lizaveta,
Dunya, Sonya and Pulheriya. These characters are different than the female charachters from
Great Expectations. They are more real and they are represented deeper. In some parts, we can
feel their emotions. However, it cannot be said that, we can see their inner world and emotions so
clear.
Alyona is the woman that Raskolnikov murdered. We do not know much about her but we are sure
about she behaves her sister in a bad attitude. We read that she sometimes beat her as Mrs.
Gragery in Great Expectations. Thus, it can be said that she is not a good character. She is a victim
of a crime, so the reader can forget her bad attitudes. Her death makes Raskolnikov a worse man
even he helps many people as looking after a old man, rescuing some children from fire and so on.
In the novel, Alyona represents the old, rich and bad attituded woman. However, the novel does
not gives many information about her and just focuses on death of her and the murderer of her.
Lizaveta is a kind of victim in that novel. Firstly, she is the victim of her sister and after that she is
the victim of murderer. In some parts, some people says good things about her, especially Sonya.
She is a friend of Sonya and she gives Gospel and the cross to her. She also fixes a dress for Sonya
and her sisters that shows she is a nice woman.
Dunya is the sister of Raskolnikov. She is the most ideal woman in that novel. She accepts to marry
with a man to have money for her mother and her brother even she does not love him. She is well
educated, intelligent and noble. Thus, some men want to marry with her. With that, the novel
shows to the reader that the ideal woman for marriage at that times. We see that she had some
bad manners from Svidrigaylov however she clears her name and she straightens up to gossip
about her morality. She resembles Biddy in some ways as being self-sacrifice. However, she does
more than Biddy to sacrifice herself for her brother and mother. At the end of the novel, she makes
up stories and hides the truth from her mother and sustain to her brother. By looking these
attitudes, it can be said that she lives for her mother and brother not for herself. She dedicated
herself to them. She is the most perfect and stereotyped female character in the novel.
Sonya dedicates herself to her family. She earns money for them from prostitution. She is not
accepted from society because of her job. Except her job and being not accepted, she resembles
Dunya. She also sacrifice herself to her family and for Raskolnikov. In some ways she resembles
Biddy because she tries to understand Raskolnikov as Biddy tries to understand Pip. These two
woman gives rational reasons to behaviour of these men. When Raskolnikov says about the
murder she says “What did you do to yourself?”. That means, she does not accuse him for the
crime. In Great Expectations, Biddy does not accuse Pip because of his shame of his family and life.
However, she says to Pip that is not good. In Crime and Punishment, Sonya says Raskolnikov that to
go and confess your crime afterwards you will be forgiven. In addition to that she leads her to be
religious. She always tries to make him believe in God and pray. In Great Expectations, Biddy
teaches Pip how to read some religious passages. Both women in these novels have a role as a
mother who shows a way to her children.
Pulheriya is the mother of Raskolnikov. She has a role as a good mother to her children. She always
thinks her children. She wants Raskolnikov to have a good education so she tries to send him
money by borrowing money from usurer that shows her sacrifice. She is always proud of her
children and she has great expectations from her son as being a very educated and intelligent man
after she reads his article on journal even she does not understand well. As a mother, she is well
enough. However, she cannot accept that her son can commit a crime. She always thinks that her
son is perfect as many mothers in the world as usual.
To sum up, both novels have female characters who reflects the structure of the society at 19th
century. In many classical novels, reader cannot go into the female characters inner world. Thus,
these two novels are well enough to understand the women in the society due to hear their voices
in some parts as being a part of some events. However, readers cannot hears their feelings directly
from their mouth. In 19th century, the role of woman can be explained very clearly in these novels.
marriages in Pride and Prejudice and Madame Bovary.
In Pride and Prejudice, there can be seen many married couples as Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet,
Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Gardiner, Charlotte and Mr. Colins. Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet loved each
other at the first time before they had married. After time has passed, Mr. Bennet realized that he
does not love Mrs. Bennet anymore. However, he makes some jokes to his wife. He has the idea
that she is his wife and the mother of his daughters. Thus, he just accepted her with her status as a
wife and a mother. The other marriage in the novel is between Charlotte and Mr. Collins which has
no romance as the marriage of Bennets. She married with Mr. Collins to have a secure house. She
does not love her husband. Thus, she arranged their house for not to see each other a lot. She has
her own room to stay. In addition to that, she always make her husband to get involved in to the
gardening. Thus, he can be in the garden rahter than the house for many times. The last marriage
in the novel is the ideal marriage that is between Gardiners. In the novel, they can be seen as going
to the trips together and they give importance to each other ideas.
In Madam Bovary, the marriage between Charles and Emma have both differences and similarities
with the marriages it Pride and Prejudice. Their marriage is as Benets in having no romance. They
do not make jokes to each other. Emma does not love her husband however Charles loves her. As
time by time, she started to hate from her husband. She always sees the bad and negative sides of
her marriage and her husband. In Pride and Prejudice, women do not do that also the men. They
just accept everything as what they are. The similarities of the marriages of Emma and Charlotte
are having a status as a wife of a man, having a house and having their own places apart from their
husbands. Charlotte has her own room and Emma read and do mant other things without her
husband. Emma's marriage and Gardeners' marriage has similarities as asking each other about
their ideas on the point of view of Charles.
In the marriages, women and a men have a role as wives and husbands. In both novels, there is
not any ideal marriage except the marrvage of Gardeners. However, in the novel the marriage of
Gardeners is not much mentioned. Mrs. Bennet has her role as a mother of daughters. She always
thinks about her daughters and marrige of them. It can be said that, some women has a role as a
mther in their marriages. However, Emma Bovary does not have a role like that. Besides, she never
behave as a mother to her daughter. In fact, Emma Bovary is not a kind of woman who has a role in
the marriage. She always wants to be free to have a romantic affairs. The other women characters
in Pride and Prejudice accepted the reality that marriage must be rational and there can not be too
much romance in the marriage. In addition to that, Emma has love affairs without marriages that
can show that she is not a type of a woman who wants to be get married. The difference between
emma and other married women is desire to have romantic relationship.
In the marriages in both novels, one couple is more dominant that the other one. In Bennet's
marriage, Mrs. Bennet is more dominant than her husband. She wants something and her husband
does that thing. The same situation can be seen in the marriage of Bovarys. Emma wants many
things that her husband can do and her husband does. Being dominant gives them self confidence
and power. Thus, Emma can overreach her husband. However, Mrs. Bennet cannot do these kind
of things and she does not have power and self confidence. This is because, she just think about
the marriages of her daughters. She is a mother more than a woman. The opposite of that can be
said for Emma Bovary.
To sum up, in every marriages in both novels there can be similarities and differences just in some
ways. However, they are not totally same or totally different from each other. Emma is totally
different from other female characters. In Pride and Prejudice, women have nearly the same
keynote about the marriage. The role of the women in the marriage can be shaped with the
mentality of the characters and the lifes of the characters that they lived. For instance, Emma's
mother has died when she was a little girl. She has grown up in school and with her father. Mostly,
she reads books. The other female characters have their mother and they do not read so many
books. Having a mother when they are growing up makes them to get marry and be a wife of their
husband. Emma does not have a mother as a guide, because of that she accepts the books as a
guide for herself. In addition to that, Emma is more fanciful in comparision to other female
characters. She has many dreams about love and life. The other female characters do not have so
wide dreams as Emma. Because of these characteristic differences their roles in the marriage and
their marriages can be differed.
Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Gardiner, Charlotte and Mr. Colins. Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet loved each
other at the first time before they had married. After time has passed, Mr. Bennet realized that he
does not love Mrs. Bennet anymore. However, he makes some jokes to his wife. He has the idea
that she is his wife and the mother of his daughters. Thus, he just accepted her with her status as a
wife and a mother. The other marriage in the novel is between Charlotte and Mr. Collins which has
no romance as the marriage of Bennets. She married with Mr. Collins to have a secure house. She
does not love her husband. Thus, she arranged their house for not to see each other a lot. She has
her own room to stay. In addition to that, she always make her husband to get involved in to the
gardening. Thus, he can be in the garden rahter than the house for many times. The last marriage
in the novel is the ideal marriage that is between Gardiners. In the novel, they can be seen as going
to the trips together and they give importance to each other ideas.
In Madam Bovary, the marriage between Charles and Emma have both differences and similarities
with the marriages it Pride and Prejudice. Their marriage is as Benets in having no romance. They
do not make jokes to each other. Emma does not love her husband however Charles loves her. As
time by time, she started to hate from her husband. She always sees the bad and negative sides of
her marriage and her husband. In Pride and Prejudice, women do not do that also the men. They
just accept everything as what they are. The similarities of the marriages of Emma and Charlotte
are having a status as a wife of a man, having a house and having their own places apart from their
husbands. Charlotte has her own room and Emma read and do mant other things without her
husband. Emma's marriage and Gardeners' marriage has similarities as asking each other about
their ideas on the point of view of Charles.
In the marriages, women and a men have a role as wives and husbands. In both novels, there is
not any ideal marriage except the marrvage of Gardeners. However, in the novel the marriage of
Gardeners is not much mentioned. Mrs. Bennet has her role as a mother of daughters. She always
thinks about her daughters and marrige of them. It can be said that, some women has a role as a
mther in their marriages. However, Emma Bovary does not have a role like that. Besides, she never
behave as a mother to her daughter. In fact, Emma Bovary is not a kind of woman who has a role in
the marriage. She always wants to be free to have a romantic affairs. The other women characters
in Pride and Prejudice accepted the reality that marriage must be rational and there can not be too
much romance in the marriage. In addition to that, Emma has love affairs without marriages that
can show that she is not a type of a woman who wants to be get married. The difference between
emma and other married women is desire to have romantic relationship.
In the marriages in both novels, one couple is more dominant that the other one. In Bennet's
marriage, Mrs. Bennet is more dominant than her husband. She wants something and her husband
does that thing. The same situation can be seen in the marriage of Bovarys. Emma wants many
things that her husband can do and her husband does. Being dominant gives them self confidence
and power. Thus, Emma can overreach her husband. However, Mrs. Bennet cannot do these kind
of things and she does not have power and self confidence. This is because, she just think about
the marriages of her daughters. She is a mother more than a woman. The opposite of that can be
said for Emma Bovary.
To sum up, in every marriages in both novels there can be similarities and differences just in some
ways. However, they are not totally same or totally different from each other. Emma is totally
different from other female characters. In Pride and Prejudice, women have nearly the same
keynote about the marriage. The role of the women in the marriage can be shaped with the
mentality of the characters and the lifes of the characters that they lived. For instance, Emma's
mother has died when she was a little girl. She has grown up in school and with her father. Mostly,
she reads books. The other female characters have their mother and they do not read so many
books. Having a mother when they are growing up makes them to get marry and be a wife of their
husband. Emma does not have a mother as a guide, because of that she accepts the books as a
guide for herself. In addition to that, Emma is more fanciful in comparision to other female
characters. She has many dreams about love and life. The other female characters do not have so
wide dreams as Emma. Because of these characteristic differences their roles in the marriage and
their marriages can be differed.
2 Aralık 2011 Cuma
INSULIN RESISTANCE
INSULIN
Insulin is a kind of hormone that can be produced by the pancreas. Insulin is produced and then is released into the blood stream and is travelled all arount the body. Insulin plays a role at metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The other function of insulin is regulating the growth of the body cells. Also, insulin plays a role in helping the cells for using the blood glucose to conver energy.
INSULIN RESISTANCE
Insulin resistance is a condition that the body can not use properly the produces insulin. The causes of insulin resistance are genetic factors, the metabolic syndrome, obesity, pregnancy, infections, severe illnesses, stress and the steroid usage. At the insulin resistance condition, the cells of the body are resistant to the insulin's effects. Thus, the normal responce for insulin reduces.
Insulin resistance can develope the risks of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and cardivascular diseases. When blood glucose levels are higher than normal however not high for detecting diabetes, it is called “prediabetes”.
The insulin resistance can be diagnosed with tests. Those tests can be done with measuring the level of insulin in the blood. The test which most accurately measures insulin resistance called the “euglycemic clamp”. According to the result of the tests, when prediabetes or metabolic syndrome can be indicated, mostly insulin resistance is also presents.
Diabetes and prediabetes can be detected with two kind of testes as “fasting glucose test” and “glucose tolerance test”.
FASTING GLUCOSE TEST
Befor the fasting glucose test, people do not eat anything for 8 hours. Thus, it can give reliable results in the mornings. Fasting glucose levels of 100 to 150 mg/dL are above normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. So, this can be prediabetes.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Glucose tolerance test measures the blood glucose. For making this test, people do not eat anything for at least 8 hours and 2 hours however they drink a seet liquid that is provided by a doctor. Blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL can indicate that having the insulin resistance and a risk for developing diabetes.
To sum up, being phsically active, making wise food choice and having the ideal weight can prevent and reverse insulin resistance and prediabetes. The Diabetes Prevention Programm (DPP) confirmed that if the people who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be protected with losing weight with regular physical activity and diet that is low in fat and calories.
RESOURCES
Insulin and Prediabetes, Retrieved from,
Insulin Resistance, Retrieved from,
http://www.medicinenet.com/insulin_resistance/article.htm
28 Kasım 2011 Pazartesi
REFUGEES
Countries select the refugees whom they can accept. The refugee identification is politically important. [1] Because,identifying as a refugee can eliminate many problems for people. If they are caught from police without having any papers about being refugee that means they are illegal coming people. After that, they are send to their country again that is not a good situation for them because of the strict administration of their country.
When people g to another country firstly they should ask for being a refugee to the ofice of United Nations. If United Nation accept them, they can be a refugee to any county that accepts refugees. On the other hand, some of them are not accepted as a refugee. In the film that is called as “For a Moment, Freedom”, both of these situations can be observed. In these cases, these people face with many difficulties as physical, economical and psychological problems which can be seen obviously in the film as for the man firing himself. The other people as the owners and the workers of the hotel do not behave in a bad way to the refugees.
Arendt have an idea about being thrown out of the humanity-being stateless deprives one of the essence of humanity. [2] In the film, at the bus two Turkish men beat two men who are not speaking Turkish and are people who want to be paper based refugee. They are behaved as not human. This case is out of humanity and makes people wanting power more. It turns everything as Darwin's rule as the most powerful can win.
The situation of these people is so bad in addition to that others make everything more difficult for them. However, humanitarianism is based on engaging other people in relationships of empathy and in this way demonstrating one's common humanity that is ethics. Thus, it depends on characters of people which can be shaped with education.
On the other hand, at the application steps if people get “no” as an answer, that is the worst situation. Thus, they are sent to their countries back. They try to leave their country because of bad situations as strict administration and war. If they have gone again to there, they can be killed in their countries. As a better situation, they can be imprisoned.
To sum up, the consequenses of being refugee is very destructive as physical, economical and psychological situation. At the beginning to go without papers need money. After that, they have severe trip to the country where they want to go firstly. And then, they need to make an application to be a refugee. They are in a countrythat they have not known. The waiting period for teh response of the application is the hardest part for their psychology. In addition to that, having their days in that country is also destructive for their psychology. In my opinion, countries do not have borders and if people want to go another country to live there, they should go there especially when there is a war in their country. People should have freedom to go everywhere else to live.
RESOURCES
[1] Feldman, Ilana. "Difficult Distinctions: Refugee Law, Humanitarian Practice, and
Political Identification in Gaza." Cultural Anthropology 22.1 (2007): 129-69.
[2] Ticktin, Miriam, 2006. “Where Ethics and Politics Meet: The Violence of
Humanitarianism in France.” American Ethnologist 33(1): 33-49.
For a moment, Freedom, Film.
BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEMS IN BLOOD AND LUNGS
Blood
is the most important component in human body. Blood can transfer and
carry many significant components from some places to other places.
Many biochemical reactions occur into the blood. If there is
biochemical reaction, there should be buffer that means a system
capable of resisting changes in pH, consisting of a conjugate
acid-base pair in which the ratio of proton aceptor to proton donor
is near unity (Lehninger,
2008, G-2).
In
the human respirotary systems, mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
bicarbonate ion (HCO3) are the significant components as a buffer.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) when it dissolves in
water and work as an acid donor hydrogen ions (H+) when it is
necessary. HCO3 is a base and it accepts hydrogen ions (H+) when
there are over amount of hydrogen ions (H+). Thus, pH of blood can be
determined with bicarbonate and carbon dioxide. This is called as
“Bicarbonate
Buffer System”.
The reaction is occured as:
CO2 + H2O <---> H2CO3
<---> (H+) + HCO3
(H2CO3 is Carbonic Acid and HCO3
is Bicarbonate)
the changes are occured as:
- If pH is too high, carbonic acid donates hydrogen ions (H+) and pH can decrease.
- If pH is too low, bicarbonate accepts hydrogen ions (H+) and pH can increase.
Lungs are alse significant for
respirotory systems. Lungs have significant roles in regulating pH of
blood on breathing. In every minute of the process of breathing,
lungs take in CO2 and take off CO2, so they work as bicarbonate
buffering.
To sum up, blood and lungs have
signifcant roles in respirotory systems and they have functions as
bicarbonate buffer that is so significant for human body. Because it
has many functions that can be seen under the below.
- It is one of the major buffering systems used to maintain the pH of mammalian blood.
- It is used in the formation of acid in the lumen on the stomach.
- It is used to neutralize the pH of the chyme leaving the stomach and entering the small intestine.
If a human have respirotory
system without any problems that means these people are healty.
However, if there is problem about buffering system or about lungs
that means there is a serious health problem of the people.
RESOURCES
Blood, Sweat, and Buffers:
pH Regulation During Exercise, Retrieved from
- Nelson D.,Cox M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th edition
TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENSHIP
Many people migrate to another countries as workers or for other reasons as students and so on. When they go these countries, they get papers as they are citizens of these countries. However, they face with many problems as it was seen at the film that is called, “Fear Eats Soul”. To eliminate these problems for transnational citizens, “democratizing the notion of citizenship via its denationalization.[1]” can be the solution.
In Turkey, the notion of citizenship can be seen in the context via the exclusion and assimilation of the different ethnic groups as Greeks, Armenians, Jews , Kurds, Arabs, Alevis and so on [2]. In my opinion, for these group of people who have different ethnics and language differences can have problems due to being transnational citizens. Trasnational citizens as Bulgarians in Turkey, Turkish people in Germany can not accepted into the society because of the nationalistic features of the country and the people who live there. To have perfectly shaped transnational citizenship, firstly nationalism should be decreased in the country. However, many countries do not want transnational citizens a lot so, they do not solve the problems about this thema.
Ayşe Parla's article gives information about migrants from Bulgaria who come to Turkey and they have Turkish ethnics [3]. For these kind of migrants, there is another rules that means there is discrimination citizens to citizens as a law. Turkey do not want these kind of migrants so they try to make migrants facing with many difficulties. It is done by Turkish authority. When it is taught that why it is done like that, the answer can be the nationalistic structure of Turkey.
Difficulties that are faced by migrants make them to rebel. For example, in Turkey Kurdish people are forced to speak Turkish and that makes them to rebel against the authority [4]. In my opinion, making forbidden of the minorities' language is not a good attitude of the authorities. That means, they do not give equal rights to their all citizens. Majority can speak their language freely however for minorities that is forbidden. It makes chaotic situations in the country. In addition to that, it is
not happened just in Turkey. It can be seen in other countries as Germany. However, in Germany minorities can live their own culture more freely. To give an brief example, in Germany it can be found a restaurant whose name is in Kurdish. However, in Turkey, there is no restaurant whose name is Kurdish. People can not open their own restaurant that has name from their own language. There are restrictions for the minorities.
In addition to that, Kurdish names can be problem in Turkey for newborn babies.Normally, citizens should have freedom to choose the name of their babies. According to Kirişçi's article, “ Reports of officials refusing to register Kurdish names for newborn babies until they were instructed to do so by court rulings favorable to complaints from the public.”[5] In Turkey, giving a Kurdish name to babies was banned, nowadays it is acceptable. And also, there were no Kurdish TV channel in Turkey. Now, there is a kurdish TV channel in Turkey which is an important step for Turkey to accept transnational citizens. However, it is not enough process. There should be improvements.
Also, in Kirişçi's article it says that “Article 301 of the Penal Code that continued to criminalize statements seemed offensive to “Turkishness” aggravated the back-sliding. This seriously undermined the gains made during earlier years in respect to promoting a culturally more plural and diverse Turkey.” [6] With these kind of articles as Article 301, people become more nationalistic and to accuse the people from minority in Turkey. Government try to accelerate the nationalist feelings of the people thus, people can not accept the minorities. That can be the cause of the problems for the transnational citizens in Turkey.
San-papiers who have no papers as citizen in France can be observed as an another example for transnational citizenship. In the film that is called “La Haine” that we saw them. They do not have many rights as the national citizens because in France citizenshp based on nations. San- papiers are discriminated based on their nations. In daily life, they are faced with many problems with the society in the public sphere. And also, they are faced with many difficulties as the laws as well. Government does not have any article that avoid transnational citizens to face with difficulties.
To sum up, for having transnational citizens in a country, the nationalistic feelings shoul not be very high. Becase, if they are too high, people can not accept the transnational citizens. Due to, migrants or people who have different ethnics can not be integrated to the country. For eliminating these kinds or problems, government can help with regulating the Articles about nationalism. To avoid from violating the transnational citizens, there may be some articles for providing the rights of the minorities and transnational citizens. It can be the solution for negative outcomes of the concept of transnational citizenship.
RESOURCES
[1] Kadıoğlu A., Denationalization of Citizenship? The Turkish Experience, 2007, Istanbul, p283.
[2] Kadıoğlu A., Denationalization of Citizenship? The Turkish Experience, 2007, Istanbul, p284.
[3] Parla A. and Danış D., Toplum ve Bilim, 2009, p13
[4] Kadıoğlu A., Denationalization of Citizenship? The Turkish Experience, 2007, Istanbul, p289.
[5] Kirişçi K., Mirage or Reality:Post-national Turkey and its implication for immigration, 2009, Istanbul, p14.
[6] Kirişçi K., Mirage or Reality:Post-national Turkey and its implication for immigration, 2009, Istanbul, p16.
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